Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition that affects many people. During pregnancy, it requires special attention because it can impact both the mother and the baby’s health. This guide will help you understand what hypertension in pregnancy is, its types, symptoms, causes, and how it can be managed.

What Is Hypertension in Pregnancy?

Hypertension occurs when the force of blood against the walls of your arteries is consistently too high. In pregnancy, this can be a pre-existing condition or one that develops as the pregnancy progresses. Monitoring blood pressure is a routine part of prenatal care because managing hypertension is crucial for a healthy pregnancy.

During pregnancy, hypertension is classified into three levels:

  • Mild Hypertension: Blood pressure readings between 140/90 and 149/99 mmHg. This level typically requires regular monitoring but not medication.
  • Moderate Hypertension: Readings between 150/100 and 159/109 mmHg.
  • Severe Hypertension: Readings of 160/110 mmHg or higher.

Types of Hypertension During Pregnancy

Several types of hypertension can occur during pregnancy:

Chronic Hypertension

This is high blood pressure that existed before pregnancy or that is diagnosed before the 20th week of pregnancy. Women with chronic hypertension may continue to have high blood pressure after the baby is born.

Gestational Hypertension

This type develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and usually goes away after childbirth. It doesn’t involve any other symptoms and is typically monitored to ensure it doesn’t progress.

Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a serious condition that can occur when gestational hypertension or chronic hypertension leads to damage in other organs, usually the kidneys or liver. It is characterised by high blood pressure and signs of organ damage, often including protein in the urine.

Symptoms and Signs

Hypertension often doesn’t have noticeable symptoms, which is why regular prenatal check-ups are important. However, some signs that may indicate high blood pressure or preeclampsia include:

  • Severe headaches
  • Blurred vision or light sensitivity
  • Upper abdominal pain, usually under the ribs on the right side
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Shortness of breath
  • Sudden weight gain and swelling (oedema), particularly in the face and hands

If you experience any of these symptoms, contact your healthcare provider immediately.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of hypertension during pregnancy isn’t always clear, but several factors can increase the risk:

  • Age: Women over 35 are at higher risk.
  • First Pregnancy: Hypertension is more common in first-time mothers.
  • Multiple Pregnancies: Carrying twins or more increases the risk.
  • Existing Medical Conditions: Diabetes, kidney disease, or autoimmune disorders can contribute.
  • Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet may increase risk.
  • Family History: A family history of hypertension or preeclampsia can be a factor.

Diagnosis

During prenatal visits, your blood pressure will be checked regularly. If high blood pressure is detected, your healthcare provider may perform additional tests, such as:

  • Urine tests to check for protein
  • Blood tests to assess liver and kidney function
  • Ultrasound scans to monitor the baby’s growth
  • Non-stress tests to check the baby’s heart rate
  • Early diagnosis is key to managing hypertension effectively.

Possible Complications

If left unmanaged, hypertension in pregnancy can lead to complications for both mother and baby:

For the Mother:

  • Preeclampsia, which can progress to eclampsia (seizures)
  • Placental abruption (the placenta separates from the uterus)
  • Stroke
  • Organ damage

For the Baby:

  • Premature birth
  • Low birth weight
  • Stillbirth
  • Proper medical care reduces the risk of these complications

Management and Treatment

Managing hypertension during pregnancy focuses on keeping blood pressure at safe levels.

Certain blood pressure medicines are safe to use during pregnancy. Your doctor will prescribe the most appropriate one. Frequent check-ups to monitor blood pressure and the baby’s health. Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Staying physically active with safe exercises recommended by your doctor and important to avoid alcohol and tobacco.

  • Early Prenatal Care: Start prenatal visits early to monitor your health.
  • Healthy Lifestyle: Maintain a healthy weight, eat well, and exercise.
  • Manage Existing Conditions: Keep conditions like diabetes under control.
  • Know Your History: Inform your healthcare provider about any family history of hypertension or preeclampsia.

If you experience any symptoms of hypertension or preeclampsia, such as severe headaches, vision changes, or sudden swelling, contact your healthcare provider immediately. Prompt attention can prevent serious complications.

Hypertension in pregnancy is a serious but manageable condition. With regular prenatal care, healthy lifestyle choices, and working closely with your healthcare provider, you can promote a safe and healthy pregnancy for you and your baby.

Every pregnancy is unique. If you have concerns or questions about hypertension or any other health issues during pregnancy, don’t hesitate to reach out to your healthcare professional for personalised advice.

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